Co-Citation & Co-Occurrence: The Ultimate Guide to SEO

When you see “new big thing in SEO” in an article title, you have every right to read with skepticism.

SEO is fraught with ‘new things,’ ‘big things,’ constant change, too much hype, and a lot of misinformation.

Co-citation isn’t exactly new, but its latest iteration and the attendant changes that it introduces into the SEO world are a pretty deal.

This article will introduce the topic of co-citation or co-occurrence, and explain some of its ramifications.

Understanding the Terms “Co-citation” and “Co-occurrence”

Before explaining the nitty-gritty of these SEO trends, we need to explain the terms themselves. Co-citation and co-occurrence refer to roughly the same thing. The term co-occurrence is used by some SEOs to describe how keyword phrase association across same site can impact better results.

Co-citation more specifically addresses the issue of how sites can affect the search rankings of other websites without the presence of an actual link. Based on this understanding, co-occurrence is distinct from co-citation. This article, however, uses the term co-citation to encompass both co-citation and co-occurrence.

What is co-citation?

The big idea of co-citation is rather simple, but you have to wrap your mind around it. Here’s how it happens. One Website A and Website B both link to Website C and Website D, but Website A and Website B don’t link to each other. Nonetheless, Website A and Website B are connected by means of co-citation.

This method of understanding co-citation, however, is simplistic. Co-citation also involves the transitive property, which looks like this.

Co-citation, then, establishes a relationship between two sites, even there are no high quality links between those two sites. The relationship of co-citation is established by contextual keywords and mutual links. Keep in mind that co-citation relationships are simultaneously happening across vast numbers of similar sites.

But there’s more to co-citation than just halo authority via transitive relationships. Perhaps the most surprising aspect of co-citation is that it can elevate a site’s rankings without links and even in the absence of actual matched keywords.

What’s the big deal about co-citation and co-occurrence?

The reason why co-citation is such a fascinating trend is that it defies customary understanding of SEO best practices.

Here’s an example. Let’s say that a website is winning in the search rankings for “best electric lawnmower.” When you visit this high-ranked website, however, you notice that it lacks the keyword “best electric lawnmower” in the title tag, in the meta description, in the anchor text, and maybe even in the written blog content itself. What’s going on? There may be a similar keywords synonyms, but no longtail matches, and little in the way of link juice. How in the world does this site rank so high?

The answer is co-citation.

Google associates similar terms with such websites, even when those sites are devoid of the classic SEO signals. It then awards such sites rank higher based on co-citation markers rather than customary SEO features.

This is not to say that existing SEO practices are dead, nor are they less important. Instead, co-citation is an additional SEO reality of which we must be aware.

Two Important Truths about Co-citation

1. Co-Citation is Fuzzy

The thing we need to keep in mind is that co-citation resists cut-and-dried explanations of how exactly it works. There is no list of “co-citation best practices,” nor are there tools that can effectively measure co-citation. It is inherently immeasurable because of its vague nature and the aggregate algorithmic features that comprise it. Co-citation involves a host of signals that encompass a wide range of SEO features. There are additional fringe factors that bear upon co-citation as a SERP-affecting event, such as:

• Social media signals
• Brand and entity association
• Increasingly effective contextual analysis by search engine
• Growing influence of similar keywords proximity factors (linking context) in search results
• Query volume, both for the brand/entity name and on the keyword research

Every one of the features listed above bear upon SEO in general and upon co-citation specifically.

This simply goes to prove the point that SEO is increasingly becoming something beyond manipulation. More and more, SEO is sliding out of our grasp, and depending upon the power of the google algorithm and the impact of millions of searches that people are conducting each day.

2. Co-Citation is a Paradigm Shift

The second truth about co-citation involves its far-reaching implications.

There are two types of SEO professionals — those who use novel tricks and those who employ classic and strategic maneuvers. Those who use the cute tricks will likely see jumps in search engine rankings, but no sustainable value. Successful SEO, on the other hand, endures. Those who use strategic maneuvers play it smart by understanding the google algorithm changes and responding accordingly.

What we’re seeing in co-citation is a trend deeply rooted within a host of algorithmic components. Thus, co-citation can be considered a sustainable change that affect the way SEO is done for the long term.

What does co-citation mean for the future?

If we’re talking about a paradigm shift, what kinds of changes can we or should we expect for the future?

• Anchor text isn’t as important anymore. Rand Fishkin’s  Whiteboard Friday video on SEO Moz alerted many in the SEO community to the growing trend of co-citation in the Google algorithms. The article contains the prediction, ” anchor text is weakening and may be replaced.” While Fishkin’s declaration may be an overstatement, he’s on to something. As co-citation rises, we may see a concomitant decline of the importance of anchor text.
• Co-citation does not mean that SEO is dead; it’s just changing like always. The “SEO is Dead” group will always be around. In reality, SEO will live on as long there are search engines. SEO is still important, but the customary ways of optimizing may not have the importance they once held. This is nothing new, since SEO is always changing. If web pages doesn’t have lots of backlinks or other SEO best practices, they may still benefit from the SEO value of co-citation. Co-citation plays into the gradual Google shift away from SEO as a system that can be gamed, and more into a humanized method of returning the most relevant search results. SEO has come a long way since the black-hat keyword-stuffing days. And it’s still coming along, meaning that many of the traditional SEO tools we’re using now (e.g., anchor text) may be passé in a few years…or less.
• PR, Reputation Management, and brand building are always a great idea. Although SEO changes, brand awareness will always remain a strong factor. The way it plays out in co-citation is that brand awareness unleashes more mentions of your brand on the Web Pages. As this happens, your site rankings will improve via co-citation. Your online brand still matters, and it pays to give it due attention. It’s virtually impossible to start a co-citation campaign or “co-occurrence effort as a separate SEO strategy. Instead, it makes more sense to start a “brand awareness” campaign with a side-benefit of co-citation.
• Links are still important. Even though co-citation doesn’t depend on links, don’t neglect link building strategy as part of your SEO approach. You need lots of links, links from authoritative sites, links from top-tier blogs, etc. In addition to link love, you’ll also profit from link-less mentions, a.k.a. co-citations. As one SEO professor put it, “co-citation just means Google is getting smart enough to realize not everyone links, but everyone talks.” Such talk is profitable.

Co Citation Co Occurrence has not reached its maturity, but now is the time to know about it. This truth won’t revolutionize your SEO practice today, but it will have an increasing impact upon search in the future.

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Timothy Carter

Chief Revenue Officer at SEO.co

Industry veteran Timothy Carter is SEO.co’s Chief Revenue Officer. Tim leads all revenue for the company and oversees all customer-facing teams - including sales, marketing & customer success. He has spent more than 20 years in the world of SEO & Digital Marketing leading, building and scaling sales operations, helping companies increase revenue efficiency and drive growth from websites and sales teams. When he's not working, Tim enjoys playing a few rounds of disc golf, running, and spending time with his wife and family on the beach...preferably in Hawaii.

Over the years he's written for publications like Forbes, Entrepreneur, Marketing Land, Search Engine Journal, ReadWrite and other highly respected online publications. Connect with Tim on Linkedin & Twitter.

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